Impacts of human activities on runoff: advances and challenges

Under the combined effects of climate change and human activities, runoff processes within basins have undergone significant alterations． With human activities becoming increasingly intense, multiple activities are occurring simultaneously in many basins, significantly impacting runoff． In this study focused on the influence of human activities on runoff, various methods for classifying these impacts are reviewed, including land use change, vegetation changes, soil and water conservation, water withdrawal, reservoir storage, and mining activities． In the current analyses of runoff changes in basins, the impact of human activities, especially direct influence on runoff, is often not fully accounted for． Future studies should integrate basin hydrological models coupled with modules that account for various human activities, and should place greater emphasis on uncertainty analysis across different methods． Additionally, future hydrological models of river basins should consider interactions between climate change and human activities, at the same time also addressing the reciprocal influences among different human activities．