Abstract: We reviewed the effects of historical and evolutionary processes, habitat loss and fragmentation, and environmental factors and interspecific relationships on biodiversity. We found that population size and distribution of endangered species are often influenced by several factors, including historical dynamic processes such as global climate change and interspecific hybridization, population dynamic processes such as reproductive system evolution and gene exchange in fragmented populations, and community dynamic processes such as environmental impacts and interspecific interactions. Therefore, it is of great significance to construct a research framework of conservation biology based on multidisciplinary integration, and completely uncover the endangerment mechanisms from different research levels, time scales and disciplines. These studies will effectively contribute to biodiversity conservation.