Why education needs systems science
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摘要: 介绍了什么是教育系统科学，强调其研究方式是以系统思维为指引的系统分析方法和以科学思维为指引的科学研究方法，其所解决的问题是教育的问题．在此基础上，讨论了教育需要系统科学的原因，即教育是一个多种类、多数量的主体通过其间丰富的联系构成的、具有很强整体性的系统．Abstract: The core ideas and concepts of educational system science are introduced, aiming to answer some core educational research questions with systems science approach, especially scientific research methods and system thinking． With a road map starting from accomplished projects to on-going and envisioned research work and practices, the formation and development of educational system science, an emerging branch of both systems science and education are proposed． From the system science point of view, educational system is a system with multiple entities of diverse types connected via relationships of diverse types, with ideally an overall function to society, to help students learn so that they will be able to create and creatively use knowledge, or to appreciate the creation and creative use of knowledge． A system with multiple parts and relations with overall function is typical object of research interest of systems science． Thus, education does need systems science．
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图 4 3500个常用汉字及其拆分出来的部件构成的网络
注：网络的顶点是汉字，连边是直接构成关系．例如，“照”由“昭”和“灬（火）”直接构成，“昭”由“日”和“召”直接构成．没有一次性拆分到底，比如“照”由“灬（火）、日、刀、口”构成．仅仅做直接拆分、一层层分别拆分的原因是每次合起来，从部件到整字的音形义上的联系比较充分、比较透明．直接拆分到底会导致这个联系不容易看出来，例如“照”和“口”是什么关系就不清楚．
图 5 不同汉字学习顺序的理论学习成本
注：把学习到的字数当作目标，则从最基本的字开始走向更复杂更高层的字（NOO）这个按部就班的方式是成本（成本的计算方式见文献[10]）最小的．但是，分布式顶点权（DNW）也不比NOO差太多．而另外的学习顺序，包含按照使用频率（UFO）从大到小的方式，还有2本实际教材的学习顺序，都表现比较差．如果把学习到的字的总使用频率当作目标，则显然效果不会太差，但是，DNW比这个UFO更好．同时，其他3种学习顺序就比较差．
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